what were some of the trademarks of jerome robbins' style?

In Cool, he purposefully made the choreography awkward to execute in order to frustrate the dancers. Especially in the third movement we encounter a hyper-emotive style that is connected to both the dense mournfulness we find in some of J. S. Bach's sacred works and the highly charged, if stylized, sentiment that would grow popular with C. P. E. Bach's generation. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards terms like Which of these choreographers took Ballet-trained dancers and merged them with vaudeville styles to help create what would later be known as theatrical dance, or Jazz Dance?, Who choreographed "Oklahoma!"?, What piece influenced Micheal Jackson's music video, "Smooth Criminal"? This music is timeless. Banksy; Optical art; Edward Hopper He received equal kudos for his work in commercial theater Broadway. He came down hard on artificiality and dancers who played to the audience. These innovative works display his gift for capturing the essence of a particular era through his mastery of vernacular dance styles and his understanding of gesture. He nevertheless staged Les Noces for City Ballet in 1998, his last project. For the next three years he worked on an experimental theatre project, the American Theatre Laboratory, but in 1969 he returned to NYCB. In the 1950s, the old separations between acting, song and dance in musical theatre faded, and were replaced by a greater fluidity in the staging and structure of musicals. "Bernstein's "Symphonic Dances from West Side Story", that he arranged in 1961, is in the Classical Music Canon. He won acclaim for highly innovative ballets structured . In contrast, when the three women begin their section they glide forward effortlessly. Jerome Robbins (born Jerome Wilson Rabinowitz; October 11, 1918 - July 29, 1998) was an American dancer, choreographer, film director, theatre director and producer who worked in classical ballet, on stage, film, and television.. The audience becomes the mirror into which they gaze, appraising everything they do. He won acclaim for highly innovative ballets structured within the traditional framework of classical dance movements. In 1962, Robbins directed Arthur Kopit's non-musical play Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad. The photographs on this website depict choreography copyrighted by the individual choreographers. "Maybe This Time". | [3] He was the son of Lena Robbins (Rips) and Harry Rabinowitz (1887-1977). whether for the first time Call it The Robbins Effect. Robbins, who would have celebrated his 100th birthday in 2018, established a new set of rules with West Side Story, rules that creators of musical theatre continue to follow to this day, whether they realize it or not. He was a director of musicals, plays, movies, and television programs. However, when he returned to the New York City Ballet as a ballet master in 1969, he was hungry to make only ballets, and for almost all of those that he choreographed between Dances at a Gathering and his last ballet, Brandenburg (1997), music became his principal generating source, as it was Balanchines. High Button Shoes is a 1947 musical with music by Jule Styne, lyrics by Sammy Cahn and book by George Abbott and Stephen Longstreet.It was based on the semi-autobiographical 1946 novel The Sisters Liked Them Handsome by Stephen Longstreet.The story concerns the comic entanglements of the Longstreet family with two con men in Atlantic City.. In April 1944, Ballet Theatre, then America's best-known classical dance troupe, premiered a new work by one of its dancers, a 25-year-old from New Jersey named Jerome Robbins. The critics were happy too. Troupe 4982's (Bradford H.S., Kenosha, Wis.) production of West Side Story: School Edition at the 2017 International Thespian Festival. To promote authenticity, Robbins kept the cast members for the Jets and the Sharks separated from each other during rehearsals and continuously posted news stories about gang violence on the bulletin board . For his own company, Ballets U.S.A. (1958 - 1962), he created N.Y. The Pajama Game, Peter Pan, The King and I, Billion Dollar Baby, and Miss Liberty. Robbins recreated his stage dances for The King and I for the 1956 film version. He directed the Ford 50th Anniversary Show with Mary Martin and Ethel Merman for television in 1953, followed by a 1955 telecast of Peter Pan for which he received an Emmy Award. In 1937 Robbins made the first of many appearances as a dancer at Camp Tamiment, a resort in the Poconos known for its weekly Broadway-style revues; and he began dancing in the choruses of Broadway shows, including Great Lady and Keep Off the Grass, both choreographed by George Balanchine. The musical helped turn lead Barbra Streisand into a superstar. On May 6, 1953, Jerome Robbins was front-page . . He worked closely with Janet on Fancy Free while they were on a cross-country tour in January of 1944. Which are trademarks of jerome robbins style. Jerome Robbins was a perfectionist and a demanding taskmaster. (As a side note, in the stage musical, Cool is sung by Riff and is performed right after America, Ice is named Diesel, and Action takes over leadership of the Jets instead of Ice.) The results were graceful, stately, and dignified, and won critical praise. In the early 1920s, the Rabinowitz family moved to Weehawken, New Jersey. In accordance with Robbins earlier wishes, in 2003 the foundation awarded the first Jerome Robbins Prizes in recognition of excellence in dance. That same year, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honored him with a special Academy Honorary Award for his choreographic achievements on film. The Cage is set to Igor Stravinskys Concerto in D for String Orchestra. Then, in May of 1949 I Walter Mirisch, the only producer to receive the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, the Irving G. Thalberg Award and a best picture Oscar, has died. At New York City Ballet Robbins distinguished himself immediately as both dancer and choreographer. Robbins was only the second director to win the Academy Award for Best Director for a film debut (after Delbert Mann for Marty). Jerome Robbins established the Foundation in 1958, in honor of his mother, with the intent to support dance, theater, and their associative arts. Onstage in 1957 and in the 1961 film, Jerome Robbins' dances for the rival gangs and their girls were all attitude: snapping fingers, flashing teeth, flicking of skirts, tossing of heads. Christopher Browner This dual interest produced a staggering number of ballets and stagings of musical plays, notable for their diversity, brilliance, lyric beauty, and humor. February 24, 2023. Jerome Robbins received world renown as a choreographer of ballets created for the New York City Ballet, Ballets U.S.A., American Ballet Theatre, and other international companies. The son of Russian-Jewish immigrants, Rabinowitz studied chemistry for one year at New York University before embarking on a career as a dancer in 1936. [3] The family had many show business connections, including vaudeville performers and theater owners. After graduation he went to study chemistry at New York University (NYU) but dropped out after a year for financial reasons, and to pursue dance full-time. At a time when classical dance in America was still dominated by foreign-born performers, choreographers, and impresarios, Fancy Free dealt with a contemporary American subject (three sailors on . He co-directed and choreographed the movie West Side Story (1960), for which he received two Academy Awards. My previous job was package designer I held this position for 13 years, I love talking about crossword puzzles and photoshop. Jerome Robbins was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1979. Robbins was first known for his skillful use of contemporary American themes in ballets and Broadway and Hollywood musicals. How the Choreography of Jerome Robbins Shaped Ballet and Broadway. Jerome Robbins was changing the face of musical theater entirely. Menu. Education photography by Rosalie O'Connor and event photography by Patricia Burmicky or John Calabrese, unless otherwise noted. The production, with book by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart, and score by Stephen Sondheim, was not working. Robbins began studying modern dance in high school with Alys [CK] Bentley, who encouraged her pupils to improvise steps to music. Date Of Death: July 29, 1998 (79) Birth Place: New York, NY, USA. Vaill (Somewhere: The Life of Jerome Robbins) allows Robbins's words (and, occasionally, drawings) to speak for themselves in this curated collection, selected primarily from Robbins's personal papers, archived at the New York Public Library. NEW YORK (AP) Choreographer Wayne Cilento faced an uphill task leading the new Broadway revival of Bob Fosse's revue "Dancin'" no video had been made of the original show, there was no script to study and none of the steps had been recorded. Choreography by George Balanchine The George Balanchine Trust. Dancer and choreographer Jerome Robbins was undeniably one of the most important figures in American danceand he would have been 100 years old this year. Ka describes the material she chose for her sculpture: a piece of mahogany that was naturally flawed, with a few superficial cracks along what was now the back. Robbins commissioned the score for the ballet from Leonard Bernstein, who was a relatively unknown composer at the time. After leading Fedora earlier this season, the soprano is back at the Metropolitan Opera as Norma. Robbins had conceived, directed, and choreographed the musical onstage and had won a Tony Award for his choreography. If a plot was involved, he might want a dancer to know what his/her character had eaten for dinner the night before. The Robbins Effect. All performance photography Paul Kolnik or Erin Baiano. While a member of Sandor's company Robbins made his stage debut with the Yiddish Art Theater, in a small role in The Brothers Ashkenazi. The musical helped turn lead Barbra Streisand into a superstar. It would be impossible to discuss the choreography separate from the music because they fit so seamlessly together. EXAMPLE: In the bottom of the 9th inning, the Wildcats scored 7 runs and won the playoff. Because book, music, and dance were envisioned as an organic whole, the cast, in a Broadway first, had to be equally skilled as actors, singers, and dancers. House Committee on Un-American Activities, Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Live From Studio 8H: An Evening of Jerome Robbins' Ballets, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame, "Something to dance about: new Jerome Robbins documentary", "Jerome Robbins, 79, Is Dead; Giant of Ballet and Broadway", "Sister of Jerome Robbins Dies at Fiddler's Opening Night", "Robbins's Sister Dies at 'Fiddler' Opening", "When You're a Shark You're a Shark All the Way", "Madeline Lee Gilford, 84, Actress and Activist - April 18, 2008 - The New York Sun", "Actors recall living in fear of Jerome Robbins yet dying to work with him", "Jerome Robbins Catalog of Work: The Four Seasons", NY Times, Alastair Macaulay, April 27, 2008, Archive footage of ABT (then Ballet Theatre) performing Robbins's ballet, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing Feature Film, Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Robbins&oldid=1141826580, Choreographers of American Ballet Theatre, United States National Medal of Arts recipients, Articles with dead external links from March 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Internet Off-Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 00:47. He listened to recordings intently, over and over, and let them ignite images of a ballets atmosphere and those who peopled it. However, rewatching the movie I can see a lot of opportunities for improvement, most especially by casting actual Latinx actors/dancers and eliminating brownface. Robbins continued to write ballets for NYCB, including Dances at a Gathering (1969); The Goldberg Variations (1971); Requiem Canticles (1972); In G Major (1975); Glass Pieces, performed to the music of Phillip Glass (1983); In Memory of (1985); Ives, Songs (1988); and West Side Story Suite (1995). Photograph: Tristram Kenton. He grew up in Weehawken, New Jersey, and was in his late teens when he began studying at the Sandor-Sorel Dance Center in Brooklyn. Other musicals included Peter Pan (1954) as well as the legendary West Side Story (1957) and Fiddler on the Roof (1964). The prizes should "lean toward the arts of dance" The first two Jerome Robbins Awards were bestowed in 2003 to New York City Ballet and to lighting designer Jennifer Tipton.[21]. Blocking belongson the stage,not on websites. It was after Fiddler on the Roof that Robbins turned his attention more exclusively to the ballet. He received two Academy Awards, including the 1961 Academy Award for Best Director with Robert Wise for West Side Story and a special Academy Honorary Award for his choreographic achievements on film. Huge fan of Matt LeBlanc I practice rock climbing and collect automobilia. Jerome Robbins Broadway, a compilation of excerpts from 11 Broadway musicals that Robbins had directed or choreographed, opened on Broadway in 1989. In making Fancy Free, for example, he had absorbed Paul Cadmus raunchy paintings of sailors and their girlfriendspaintings with such names as Follow the Fleet and Shore Leave. The show, with music by Leonard Bernstein, marked the first collaboration between Robbins and Stephen Sondheim, who wrote the lyrics, as well as Arthur Laurents, who wrote the book. A partial list of his 54 creations includes: Dances at a Gathering (1969); The Goldberg Variations (1971); Watermill (1972); Requiem Canticles (1972); The Dybbuk Variations (1974); In G Major (1975); Mother Goose (1975); The Four Seasons (1979); Opus 19: The Dreamer (1979); Piano Pieces (1981); Gershwin Concerto (1982 How choreographer Justin Peck helped reimagine 'West Side Story' for the 21st century. Eurydice Labaki; Art for Kids. February 28, 2023, By And Bachs intricacies are countered by moods Robbins sensed in the music, while his imagery suggests members of a ballet company at workcolleagues watching one another, leading a group, fitting in. The audience gasped as the curtain went up on a pitch-black backdrop awash in glinting stars. and more. In the movie version, Cool is performed after the leaders of the Jets and the Sharks are both killed. Robbins was first known for his skillful use of contemporary American themes in ballets and Broadway and Hollywood musicals. American choreographer & director (19181998). He famously attributed his decision to join the New York City Ballet and work under Balanchine to his enchantment with her unique style of . JEROME ROBBINS (born 11 October 1918 in New York City) was the younger of two children of Harry Rabinowitz, who emigrated to America from Poland in 1904, and his wife Lena Rips. Each of the following sentences contains at least one error in the use of numbers. What does this passage suggest about Kas intuition about her father? Even in ballets with large casts and music by diverse composers, such as The Goldberg Variations (J.S. [10] In 1948 he added another credit to his resume, becoming co-director as well as choreographer for Look Ma, I'm Dancin'! I'm not sure how often I'll be posting new stories- the best way to make sure you don't miss any is to subscribe! Unlike previous choreographers, Robbins used the natural movement of the characters as the starting point for his choreography. That same year, Robbins won Tony Awards for his direction and choreography in Fiddler on the Roof (1964). His last work, Brandenburg, premiered there in 1997. After . That's a one-in-a-million" feat. Over the course of his career, he created more than 60 ballets and choreographed countless Broadway hits, including Gypsy, Fiddler on the Roof, and The King and I. Ballet gave the choreography grace; jazz and genius gave it personality. What is the style of dance in West Side Story? His father and uncle opened the Comfort Corset Company in nearby Union City. This ballet, featuring three American sailors on shore leave in New York City during World War II, displayed Robbins acute sense of theatre and his ability to capture the essence of contemporary American dance using the vocabulary of classical ballet. Robbins was first known for his skillful use of contemporary American themes in ballets and Broadway and Hollywood musicals. and more. My most popular post is a short dance history lesson on Bob Fosse examining The Rich Mans Frug, so I thought Id do another! Robbins' acute observation and his mastery of ballet informed the style of each leap and gesture in West Side Story. His style became increasingly abstract and classical, perhaps under the influence of his great idol George Balanchine, who headed the company. In 1960, Robbins co-directed, with Robert Wise, the film adaptation of West Side Story. Among his numerous stage productions were On the Town, Peter Pan, High Button Shoes, The King and I, The Pajama Game, Bells Are Ringing, West Side Story, Gypsy, and Fiddler on the Roof. Robert Greskovic highlights the 49th anniversary of the premiere of the ballet Dances at a Gathering, and the intricate details of its construction which lend to its timelessness. He received equal kudos for his work in commercial theater Broadway. He continued working on Broadway, as well as, staging dances for Irving Berlin's Call Me Madam, starring Ethel Merman, Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I, in which he created the celebrated "Small House of Uncle Thomas" ballet in addition to other dances, and the revue Two's Company, starring Bette Davis. What else did Jerome Robbins choreograph? To be, unmistakably, itself. Skip to footer site map. The master choreographer of the New York City . Inspired by Shakespeare's Romeo and Julietand initially titled East Side Story, as Robbins first conceived it as a conflict between Jews and Catholics on Manhattan's Lower East Sidethe show is not only revered as a shining exemplar of the integrated use of dance in musical theatre. . As a former Communist Party member, he named 10 communists in his testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee. | Many of his later ballets are more classical in style and more abstract in subject matter than his earlier works. If youd like to go down a musical rabbit hole, google hemiola. It refers to three beats of equal value squished into the time normally occupied by two beats. In 1940 he joined Ballet Theater (now American Ballet Theatre), where he soon began dancing such important roles as Petrouchka. Robbins shared the Academy Award for Best Director with Robert Wise for the film version of West Side Story (1961). In the same year, he also directed the opera The Tender Land by Aaron Copland. Photo by John Nollendorfs. In 1944 Robbins choreographed his first, spectacularly successful ballet, Fancy Free, with a musical score by the young composer Leonard Bernstein. The movements explode, limbs spread out as far as possible as they rocket toward the ceiling, and then are tamped down as the cave into themselves, hunching over toward the floor. | Sandor also encouraged him to take ballet, which he did with Ella Daganova; in addition he studied Spanish dancing with Helen Veola; Asian dance with Yeichi Nimura; and dance composition with Bessie Schonberg. His work is characterized by the intensity and compactness of its expression and its wide variety of mood whether it be rhapsodic, introspective, poignant, or hilarious. Jerome Robbins, original surname Rabinowitz, (born Oct. 11, 1918, New York, N.Y., U.S.died July 29, 1998, New York City), one of the most popular and imaginative American choreographers of the 20th century. The latter led to his creating the anthology show Jerome Robbins' Broadway in 1989 which recreated the most successful production numbers from his 50-plus year career. Some of Cole's moves Fosse was simply inspired by, while others he simply took motion for motion. The dancer Jerome Robbins was also fascinated with Tanny. Image by Fred R. Conrad/New York Times Co./Getty Images. Typical elements of jazz dance are isolation movements, precise leg, arm and foot movements, breathtaking jumping techniques and twists. The art of creative self-expression. The new production of Wagner's opera opened February 26. August 14, 2014. By 1946, they were lovers. Robbins was still tinkering with it as late as two weeks before "Fiddler" opened on Broadway on Sept. 22, 1964. In this guest blog, he writes about Robbins' relationship with television. Robbins had romantic relationships with a number of people, including Montgomery Clift, Nora Kaye, Buzz Miller and Jess Gerstein. In 1957, he conceived, choreographed, and directed West Side Story. Robbins studied the medium technically, not passively in his role as audience, and gave much thought to its capacity and its limitations as . Jazz dance developed from both 19th- and 20th-century stage dance and traditional Black social dances and their white ballroom offshoots. Above all, he wanted his choreography to be authentic and relevant. boys were being sent in record numbers to the South Pacific and to Europe from both the East and West Coasts. Many people actually did this with Cole's fresh and new style, including Jerome Robbins the magnificent ballet-based choreographer who choreographed some of the most well-received pieces in theater history such as West Side Story , The King and I . That same year, Robbins would become one of the first members of New York City's newly formed Actors Studio, attending classes held by founding member Robert Lewis three times a week, alongside classmates including Marlon Brando, Maureen Stapleton, Montgomery Clift, Herbert Berghof, Sidney Lumet, and about 20 others. Theres no story; Robbins felt strongly about that. In the midwinter of 1976, Jerome Robbins was taking stock. The production ran over a year off-Broadway and was transferred to Broadway for a short run in 1963, after which Robbins directed Anne Bancroft in a revival of Bertolt Brecht's Mother Courage and Her Children. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Prior to working on West Side Story, Robbins had gotten his start in the American Ballet Theatre and performing in ballets. New York City Ballet and the block letter logo are registered trademarks of New York City Ballet, Inc. A look at Jerome Robbins' extraordinary body of work, bridging Broadway and ballet like no other choreographer before or since. I had a lot of fun doing all the research for this piece! Robbins was born Jerome Rabinowitz in New York on October 11, 1918, to Russian Jewish parents who came to America to flee the pogroms. Given the vast territory covered in Jerome Robbins' Broadway, the many styles that had to be assimilated by dancers unfamiliar with much of the material, and Robbins's meticulousness, the musical . You cant watch Cool without feeling something. Before quarantine, my Theater Jazz dance class was learning Cool from West Side Story. Cool from West Side Story showcases Robbins style: unadulterated movement telling a story about real American issues of the time. Bernstein and Robbins were frequent collaborators. Which of these movies contained Jazz Dances that were based on Vaudeville's comedic dance style? Cool exemplifies many qualities that make a piece a "Jerome Robbins" piece: a fluid mix of musical theater and ballet styles, a focus on relationships and raw emotion, and the sheer American-ness of it. Maybe Twyla Tharp since her autobiography is in my to-read pile? In all, he was awarded with five Tony Awards, two Academy Awards (including the special Academy Honorary Award), the Kennedy Center Honors (1981), the National Medal of Arts (1988), the French Legion of Honor, and an Honorary Membership in the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The following boldfaced words are critical to your understanding of The Pilgrim's Progress. Id thought these cracks beautiful and had made no effort to sand or polish them away, as they seemed like the woods own scars, like the one my father had on his face (para. Street gangs and gang warfare -- a very present reality in New York City at the time the show's creators envisioned it -- were rough, suggestive, crude, violent, and possessed of a distinctive swagger. Deborah Jowitt, a dance critic and historian, is the author of Jerome Robbins: His Life, His Theater, His Dance. Photograph by James J. Kriegsman, N.Y. To help the young cast grow into their roles, Robbins did not allow those playing members of opposite gangs (Jets and Sharks) to mix during the rehearsal process. Robbins resigned as codirector of NYCB in 1990, though he continued to choreograph for the company. What does it suggest about her ability to accept imperfection? Robbins' story with a strong focus on the key principles Robbins has taught to his clients over the years. | He took over the direction of two troubled productions during this period and helped turn them into successes. Towards the beginning of the movie, Tony says Riff, did you ever stop to figure how many bubbles there are in one bottle of soda pop? This analogy persists throughout the rest of the show. When I first heard the were remaking West Side Story, I wondered how they could mess with a classic. He came down hard on artificiality and dancers who played to the audience. A concise history of dance integration in musical theatre. Outlander Among his outstanding works were The Guests (1949), Age of Anxiety (1951), The Cage (1951), The Pied Piper (1951), Afternoon of a Faun (1953), Fanfare (1953), and The Concert (1956), the latter the most hilarious of all ballets. The musical is based (loosely) on the life of stripper Gypsy Rose Lee. There's been a clutch of middle-aged danseuses taking leave of life in one way or another recently. by Terry Teachout. Robbins wanted dancers to approach classical steps as if rising onto pointe was no more unusual than an intake of breath, and a turn could seem a giddy impulse (no showing a planted preparation to spin as if it were interesting in itself). Which dancer was known for making dance "masculine"? David H. Koch Theater First performed on April 18, 1944, this work, a piece about three sailors on shore-leave in New York City, served as inspiration for their next endeavor, the smash hit Broadway musical On The Town, which and launched a long-lasting . (The original musical was successfully revived on Broadway in 1980.) Two years after that, he directed and choreographed Bells are Ringing (1956), followed by the historic, operatic, and balletic West Side Story (1957). Other Dances is a ballet choreographed by Jerome Robbins to music by Frdric Chopin.It was created on Natalia Makarova and Mikhail Baryshnikov, and premiered on May 9, 1976, at a gala benefitting the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, held at Metropolitan Opera House.It was originally made as a pice d'occasion, but after receiving critical acclaim, it was soon added to . Fifty-three years ago this month, the curtain went up on Fancy Free, the first ballet by a twenty-five-year-old dancer from New York named Jerome Robbins.There had never been anything quite like it. Robbins made it in 1951 (the same year that The King and I, with his choreography, opened on Broadway). "Bernstein, Leonard." Three-time Tony Award-winning scenic designer ROBIN WAGNER and esteemed costume designer LEWIS BROWN are among the 2011 TDF/Irene Sharaff Award recipi Did you find this article relevant to what you were looking for? He continued to choreograph and stage productions for both the Joffrey Ballet and the New York City Ballet into the 1970s. and more. He had the ability to make the most complex movement appear effortless, and totally reflective of the musical score, as if it were created spontaneously for that exact moment in time. Natan Zamansky 12.2: Contemporary Ballet, Contemporary Moder, Application de la loi pnale dans le temps, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Most importantly, he brought joy, emotional involvement and humorous pleasure to millions of people, not only in the United States, but throughout the entire world. In Cool, they open it a tiny bit at a time to release the carbonation, then quickly close it before it erupts. Later that year Robbins and Bernstein, in collaboration with the lyricists Betty Comden and Adolph Green, expanded Fancy Free into a successful Broadway musical called On the Town. This dual interest produced a staggering number of ballets and stagings of musical plays, notable for their diversity, brilliance, lyric beauty, and humor.

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