effects of bihar earthquake 1934

), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. It is said that the epicentral region is close to this area and the North Bihar is a region of great under-load arising from very density in the crust and because of the low density of the alluvium of the Ganges Valley. IS 1893 Part 1 [1]) and only about 3 % of . The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. The clock of the tower in the Patna Secretariat had stopped. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. which caused irreparable damage to human structures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 91829207. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. [7] The 1618-meter-long Kosi Rail Bridge on the Metre Gauge Railway line connecting Darbhanga Raj with Forbesganj was washed away and the River Kosi changed it path eastward. [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. https://doi.org/10.1038/136485b0. The North Bihar Earthquake, 1934. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Pilots flyng over the meizoseismal area reported great changes in topography; this was largely due to enormous slides, some of which were photographed. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. Western part of the Kathmandu suffered relatively less damage. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. Bashyal, R. P. (1998). Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. This quake took place in January, but the intensity was very high, with a magnitude. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89(B7), 62036227. J. Int. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. The BiharNepal Earthquake of 1934. The loss to livestock was enormous. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. 110 1010-1027. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. Insert: Parts of Uttar Pradesh state and the location of Chamoli Town, which is close to the epicenter of the 29 March 1999 earthquake. [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. Liquefaction studies using trench excavations at locations known to have suffered liquefaction in 1934 (Sukhija et al., 2002) . Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. Lett. It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. The 1934 NepalIndia earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in India's history. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. The 1934 NepalBihar earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in the history of Nepal and Bihar, India. Everest. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. Sukhija, B. S., Rao, M. N., Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., Kumar, D., Lakshmi, B. V., & Sharma, P. (2002). The 2023 quake may end his rule. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. Am. A., Auden, J. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. (2019). Nature (London), 582583. 74(3) 213-229. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). A simple loss estimation study was conducted as a preparation for a possible repeat of an earthquake like the 1934 one. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. Geodetic Branch Survey of India (p. 97). 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. - 202.3.109.12. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. It is officially estimated that the flood-affected area of Bihar has increased from 2.5 million hectares in 1954 to 7.3 million hectares in 2016. It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935. Earthq. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. Surv., 68, 177-239; 1935). At places, even the water sprigs out about 10-12 feet from such fissures. Everest. Himalayan tectonics: A modern synthesis. In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the wrong location. The ground around these sand fissures subsided, causing more damage. According to a report on the Bihar Earthquake and measures taken in consequence thereof up to 31 December, 1934, brought out by the then provincial Bihar government in 1935, public and residential building were practically razed in Munger, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur districts. In: P. J. Treloar, & M. P. Searle (Eds. 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. The area marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic Gap. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. To his credit Mr. Salim has more than 400 published articles on history, politics, culture and literature in English and Hindi. Bilham, R. (2019). Chen W-P and Kao H 1996 Seismotectonics of Asia: Some recent progress; In: The Tectonic Evolution of Asia (eds) Yin A and Harrison T M, Cambridge University Press, 37-54. 1250). India, 73. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. Areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. In: Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent. Its unpredictable nature can cause multiple hazards such as ground motion, ground shaking, site effects, ground displacement, fire, . The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. No precise geodetic measurements were in place across the 1934 rupture area due to Nepal's political isolation in 1850 when the Trigonometrical Survey of India was in progress. 1934 Bihar Earthquake (click photos to enlarge): The last entry in GTG's service record states "Resigned commission in A.I.R.O. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S., Rockwell, T. K., Briggs, R. W., Thakur, V. C., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2006). Read Steve's blog. 117, S2, 773-782. In D. W. Simpson & P. G. Richards (Eds. The Earthquake had hit chiefly the wealthy and middle classes in the urban areas. Dehra Dun,. Along the Terai belt, destruction was observed from the eastern border of Nepal gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. Nature Damages & Casualties were reported to be higher in Nepal than in India. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. Geophys. Survey of India, Calcuta (391 pp). In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. 1.Bihar Earthquake, 1934 This quake is considered to be one of the worst quakes in Indian history. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., & Singh, V. (2010). Saquib Salim is a well known historian under whose supervision various museums (Red Fort, National Library, IFFI, Jallianwala Bagh etc.) Kathmandu: "Historic Earthquakes Bihar, India Nepal", "Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India", "When Tagore accused Gandhi of superstition", "Suggesting religious reasons for quakes isn't new: Mahatma Gandhi did that in 1934", "Freedom Fighter Dr Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi remembered on Republic Day", " : ! , earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union ( Vol and about... And caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal ( 1934 A.D. ) review, maurice ewing series, American Union. 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